The Dual Nature

Understand how light behaves as both a wave and a particle, and how matter behaves like a wave.

Energy Unit

Electron Volt (eV)

The energy gained by an electron accelerating through 1 Volt.
1 eV = 1.602 × 10-19 J


Surface Barrier

Work Function (Φ0)

The minimum energy required to escape the metal surface.

Lowest (Cesium)
2.14 eV
Highest (Platinum)
5.65 eV

Experimental Study

Current vs Intensity

Einstein's Equation

Tap terms to learn
Kmax = - Φ0

Tap any part of the equation above.

De Broglie Wavelength

Electron Calculator

Formula: 1.227 / √V nm

VOLTAGE (V) 100V
Wavelength
0.123 nm

Exam Bank

50 Qs